ANTHOCYANIN production is primarily controlled by the Cryptochrome (CR1) Photoreceptor ( !! UV and Blue Spectrums are primary drivers in the production of the pigment that replaces chlorophyll, isn't that awesome! 1. Diverse photoreceptors in plants Many civilizations, including the sun god of ancient Egypt, thought that the blessings of sunlight were the source of life. In fact, the survival of all life, including humans, is supported by the photosynthesis of plants that capture solar energy. Plants that perform photosynthesis have no means of transportation except for some algae. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor various changes in the external environment and respond appropriately to the place to survive. Among various environmental information, light is especially important information for plants that perform photosynthesis. In the process of evolution, plants acquired phytochrome, which mainly receives light in the red light region, and multiple blue light receptors, including his hytropin and phototropin, in order to sense the light environment. .. In addition to these, an ultraviolet light receptor named UVR8 was recently discovered. The latest image of the molecular structure and function of these various plant photoreceptors (Fig. 1), focusing on phytochrome and phototropin. Figure 1 Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra of phytochrome, cryptochrome, phototropin, and UVR8. The dashed line represents each bioactive absorption spectrum. 2. Phytochrome; red-far red photoreversible molecular switch What is phytochrome? Phytochrome is a photochromic photoreceptor, and has two absorption types, a red light absorption type Pr (absorption maximum wavelength of about 665 nm) and a far-red light absorption type Pfr (730 nm). Reversible light conversion between the two by red light and far-red light, respectively(Fig. 1A, solid line and broken line). In general, Pfr is the active form that causes a physiological response. With some exceptions, phytochrome can be said to function as a photoreversible molecular switch. The background of the discovery is as follows. There are some types of plants that require light for germination (light seed germination). From that study, it was found that germination was induced by red light, the effect was inhibited by subsequent far-red light irradiation, and this could be repeated, and the existence of photoreceptors that reversibly photoconvert was predicted. In 1959, its existence was confirmed by the absorption spectrum measurement of the yellow sprout tissue, and it was named phytochrome. Why does the plant have a sensor to distinguish between such red light and far-red light? There is no big difference between the red and far-red light regions in the open-field spectrum of sunlight, but the proportion of red light is greatly reduced due to the absorption of chloroplasts in the shade of plants. Similar changes in light quality occur in the evening sunlight. Plants perceive this difference in light quality as the ratio of Pr and Pfr, recognize the light environment, and respond to it. Subsequent studies have revealed that it is responsible for various photomorphogenic reactions such as photoperiodic flowering induction, shade repellent, and deyellowing (greening). Furthermore, with the introduction of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (At) and the development of molecular biological analysis methods, research has progressed dramatically, and his five types of phytochromes (phyA-E) are present in Arabidopsis thaliana. all right. With the progress of the genome project, Fi’s tochrome-like photoreceptors were found in cyanobacteria, a photosynthetic prokaryotes other than plants. Furthermore, in non-photosynthetic bacteria, a homologue molecule called bacteriophytochrome photoreceptor (BphP) was found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) and radiation-resistant bacteria (Deinococcus radiodurans, Dr). Domain structure of phytochrome molecule Phytochrome molecule can be roughly divided into N-terminal side and C-terminal side region. PAS (Per / Arndt / Sim: blue), GAF (cGMP phosphodiesterase / adenylyl cyclase / FhlA: green), PHY (phyto-chrome: purple) 3 in the N-terminal region of plant phytochrome (Fig. 2A) There are two domains and an N-terminal extension region (NTE: dark blue), and phytochromobilin (PΦB), which is one of the ring-opening tetrapyrroles, is thioether-bonded to the system stored in GAF as a chromophore. ing. PAS is a domain involved in the interaction between signal transduction-related proteins, and PHY is a phytochrome-specific domain. There are two PASs and her histidine kinase-related (HKR) domain (red) in the C-terminal region, but the histidine essential for kinase activity is not conserved. 3. Phototropin; photosynthetic efficiency optimized blue light receptor What is phototropin? Charles Darwin, who is famous for his theory of evolution, wrote in his book “The power of move-ment in plants” published in 1882 that plants bend toward blue light. Approximately 100 years later, the protein nph1 (nonphoto-tropic hypocotyl 1) encoded by one of the causative genes of Arabidopsis mutants causing phototropic abnormalities was identified as a blue photoreceptor. Later, another isotype npl1 was found and renamed phototropin 1 (phot1) and 2 (phot2), respectively. In addition to phototropism, phototropin is damaged by chloroplast photolocalization (chloroplasts move through the epidermal cells of the leaves and gather on the cell surface under appropriate light intensity for photosynthesis. As a photoreceptor for reactions such as escaping to the side of cells under dangerous strong light) and stomata (reactions that open stomata to optimize the uptake of carbon dioxide, which is the rate-determining process of photosynthetic reactions). It became clear that it worked. In this way, phototropin can be said to be a blue light receptor responsible for optimizing photosynthetic efficiency. Domain structure and LOV photoreaction of phototropin molecule Phototropin molecule has two photoreceptive domains (LOV1 and LOV2) called LOV (Light-Oxygen-Voltage sensing) on the N-terminal side, and serine / on the C-terminal side. It is a protein kinase that forms threonine kinase (STK) (Fig. 4Aa) and whose activity is regulated by light. LOV is one molecule as a chromophore, he binds FMN (flavin mononucleotide) non-covalently. The LOV forms an α/βfold, and the FMN is located on a β-sheet consisting of five antiparallel β-strands (Fig. 4B). The FMN in the ground state LOV shows the absorption spectrum of a typical oxidized flavin protein with a triplet oscillation structure and an absorption maximum wavelength of 450 nm, and is called D450 (Fig. 1C and Fig. 4E). After being excited to the singlet excited state by blue light, the FMN shifts to the triplet excited state (L660t *) due to intersystem crossing, and then the C4 (Fig. 4C) of the isoaroxazine ring of the FMN is conserved in the vicinity. It forms a transient accretionary prism with the tain (red part in Fig. 4B Eα) (S390I). When this cysteine is replaced with alanine (C / A substitution), the addition reaction does not occur. The effect of adduct formation propagates to the protein moiety, causing kinase activation (S390II). After that, the formed cysteine-flavin adduct spontaneously dissociates and returns to the original D450 (Fig. 4E, dark regression reaction). Phototropin kinase activity control mechanism by LOV2 Why does phototropin have two LOVs? Atphot1 was found as a protein that is rapidly autophosphorylated when irradiated with blue light. The effect of the above C / A substitution on this self-phosphorylation reaction and phototropism was investigated, and LOV2 is the main photomolecular switch in both self-phosphorylation and phototropism. It turns out that it functions as. After that, from experiments using artificial substrates, STK has a constitutive activity, LOV2 functions as an inhibitory domain of this activity, and the inhibition is eliminated by photoreaction, while LOV1 is kinase light. It was shown to modify the photosensitivity of the activation reaction. In addition to this, LOV1 was found to act as a dimerization site from the crystal structure and his SAXS. What kind of molecular mechanism does LOV2 use to photoregulate kinase activity? The following two modules play important roles in this intramolecular signal transduction. Figure 4 (A) Domain structure of LOV photoreceptors. a: Phototropin b: Neochrome c: FKF1 family protein d: Aureochrome (B) Crystal structure of auto barley phot1 LOV2. (C) Structure of FMN isoaroxazine ring. (D) Schematic diagram of the functional domain and module of Arabidopsis thaliana phot1. L, A’α, and Jα represent linker, A’α helix, and Jα helix, respectively. (E) LOV photoreaction. (F) Molecular structure model (mesh) of the LOV2-STK sample (black line) containing A’α of phot2 obtained based on SAXS under dark (top) and under bright (bottom). The yellow, red, and green space-filled models represent the crystal structures of LOV2-Jα, protein kinase A N-lobe, and C-robe, respectively, and black represents FMN. See the text for details. 1) Jα. LOV2 C of oat phot1-to α immediately after the terminus Rix (Jα) is present (Fig. 4D), which interacts with the β-sheet (Fig. 4B) that forms the FMN-bound scaffold of LOV2 in the dark, but unfolds and dissociates from the β-sheet with photoreaction. It was shown by NMR that it does. According to the crystal structure of LOV2-Jα, this Jα is located on the back surface of the β sheet and mainly has a hydrophobic interaction. The formation of S390II causes twisting of the isoaroxazine ring and protonation of N5 (Fig. 4C). As a result, the glutamine side chain present on his Iβ strand (Fig. 4B) in the β-sheet rotates to form a hydrogen bond with this protonated N5. Jα interacts with this his Iβ strand, and these changes are thought to cause the unfold-ing of Jα and dissociation from the β-sheet described above. Experiments such as amino acid substitution of Iβ strands revealed that kinases exhibit constitutive activity when this interaction is eliminated, and that Jα plays an important role in photoactivation of kinases. 2) A’α / Aβ gap. Recently, several results have been reported showing the involvement of amino acids near the A’α helix (Fig. 4D) located upstream of the N-terminal of LOV2 in kinase photoactivation. Therefore, he investigated the role of this A’α and its neighboring amino acids in kinase photoactivation, photoreaction, and Jα structural change for Atphot1. The LOV2-STK polypeptide (Fig. 4D, underlined in black) was used as a photocontrollable kinase for kinase activity analysis. As a result, it was found that the photoactivation of the kinase was abolished when amino acid substitution was introduced into the A’α / Aβ gap between A’α and Aβ of the LOV2 core. Interestingly, he had no effect on the structural changes in Jα examined on the peptide map due to the photoreaction of LOV2 or trypsin degradation. Therefore, the A’α / Aβ gap is considered to play an important role in intramolecular signal transduction after Jα. Structural changes detected by SAXS Structural changes of Jα have been detected by various biophysical methods other than NMR, but structural information on samples including up to STK is reported only by his results to his SAXS. Not. The SAXS measurement of the Atphot2 LOV2-STK polypeptide showed that the radius of inertia increased from 32.4 Å to 34.8 Å, and the molecular model (Fig. 4F) obtained by the ab initio modeling software GASBOR is that of LOV2 and STK. It was shown that the N lobes and C lobes lined up in tandem, and the relative position of LOV2 with respect to STK shifted by about 13 Å under light irradiation. The difference in the molecular model between the two is considered to reflect the structural changes that occur in the Jα and A’α / Aβ gaps mentioned above. Two phototropins with different photosensitivity In the phototropic reaction of Arabidopsis Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis responds to a very wide range of light intensities from 10–4 to 102 μmol photon / sec / m2. At that time, phot1 functions as an optical sensor in a wide range from low light to strong light, while phot2 reacts with light stronger than 1 μmol photon / sec / m2. What is the origin of these differences? As is well known, animal photoreceptors have a high photosensitivity due to the abundance of rhodopsin and the presence of biochemical amplification mechanisms. The exact abundance of phot1 and phot2 in vivo is unknown, but interesting results have been obtained in terms of amplification. The light intensity dependence of the photoactivation of the LOV2-STK polypeptide used in the above kinase analysis was investigated. It was found that phot1 was about 10 times more photosensitive than phot2. On the other hand, when the photochemical reactions of both were examined, it was found that the rate of the dark return reaction of phot1 was about 10 times slower than that of phot2. This result indicates that the longer the lifetime of S390II, which is in the kinase-activated state, the higher the photosensitivity of kinase activation. This correlation was further confirmed by extending the lifespan of her S390II with amino acid substitutions. This alone cannot explain the widespread differences in photosensitivity between phot1 and phot2, but it may explain some of them. Furthermore, it is necessary to investigate in detail protein modifications such as phosphorylation and the effects of phot interacting factors on photosensitivity. Other LOV photoreceptors Among fern plants and green algae, phytochrome ɾphotosensory module (PSM) on the N-terminal side and chimera photoreceptor with full-length phototropin on the C-terminal side, neochrome (Fig. There are types with 4Ab). It has been reported that some neochromes play a role in chloroplast photolocalization as a red light receiver. It is considered that fern plants have such a chimera photoreceptor in order to survive in a habitat such as undergrowth in a jungle where only red light reaches. In addition to this, plants have only one LOV domain, and three proteins involved in the degradation of photomorphogenesis-related proteins, FKF1 (Flavin-binding, Kelch repeat, F-box 1, ZTL (ZEITLUPE)), LKP2 ( There are LOV Kelch Protein2) (Fig. 4Ac) and aureochrome (Fig. 4Ad), which has a bZip domain on the N-terminal side of LOV and functions as a gene transcription factor. 4. Cryptochrome and UVR8 Cryptochrome is one of the blue photoreceptors and forms a superfamily with the DNA photoreceptor photolyase. It has FAD (flavin adenine dinucle-otide) as a chromophore and tetrahydrofolic acid, which is a condensing pigment. The ground state of FAD is considered to be the oxidized type, and the radical type (broken line in Fig. 1B) generated by blue light irradiation is considered to be the signaling state. The radical type also absorbs in the green to orange light region, and may widen the wavelength region of the plant morphogenesis reaction spectrum. Cryptochrome uses blue light to control physiological functions similar to phytochrome. It was identified as a photoreceptor from one of the causative genes of UVR8 Arabidopsis thaliana, and the chromophore is absorbed in the UVB region by a Trp triad consisting of three tryptophans (Fig. 1D). It is involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and anthocyanins that function as UV scavengers in plants. Conclusion It is thought that plants have acquired various photoreceptors necessary for their survival during a long evolutionary process. The photoreceptors that cover the existing far-red light to UVB mentioned here are considered to be some of them. More and more diverse photoreceptor genes are conserved in cyanobacteria and marine plankton. By examining these, it is thought that the understanding of plant photoreceptors will be further deepened.

Proseguiremos con una semana mas de vegetativo para alcanzar una cobertura total del espacio de cultivo. Se prosigue con un riego de 0,3L dias Lunes Miercoles y sabados. La altura varia entre 10 y 18cm en todos los casos excepto la mas alta que esta en 25cm y sobresale sobre las demas. Durante esta semana tengo 2 esquejes que corresponden a otro indoor pero necesito mas vegetativo.

Strain Type: Feminized THC: 21% CBD: Low Yield Indoor : 600 - 650 gr/m2 Yield Outdoor: 650 - 700 gr/plant Height Indoor: 80 - 140 cm Height Outdoor: 130 - 170 cm Flowering time: 9 - 10 weeks Harvest Month: Middle of October Genetic Background: Lemon Skunk x Shining Silver Haze Type: Sativa 75% Indica 25% Effect: Balanced, Clear, Stoned Climate: Short Summers Flavour: Citrus, Fruity 20/04/24 Left the seeds to germinate directly in the moist plugs at ~22°C ~80%RH, expecting to see them sprouting between monday and tuesday 🤞 23/04/24 They are already at 12 DLI ~23°C and ~80%RH, good news they look good but bad news, one sister became moldy and didn't managed to sprout, so it's five seedlings left, two of them strugeling one I had to help remove the cap and didn't opened it's cotyledons yet, and the other one looks like sprouting at a far different pace, let's see tomorrow 🤞 24/04/24 I helped two of the trapped seedlings. 27/04/24 5 of 6 seeds did it, great success! The 50L pot will end up in the little tent with 120W LED and the four 25L pot will stay in the big one with 300W LED. D7. 29/04/24 Last day of first week, they are looking good and already stepped up DLI to 18 💪

I love the sativa shaped nug-towers! When my plants grow big, I like to grow them until the very end of their cycle! That's why the extended flower period. Video of Measurement of yield: T=Tops(92grams), M=Mids(59.1 grams), L=Lowers(58.6grams) Total: 209.7 grams (1-2 grams worth, was taste-tested prior to scaling.)

Looks suuper frosty at the beginning of third week,producing resin even in the fan leafs,crazy gorilla strain by original sensible seeds,already starting to stink man,she's being grown 100% organically. I'll start using bio pk by biotabs from the 25th day of flower

Critical x Animal Cookies is looking good under the Hortibloom Solux 350. She is starting to bulk and has a nice resin laying going. Colas are are looking good. Nothing else to report at the moment with her. Thank you Hortibloom, and Ripper Seeds. 🤜🏻🤛🏻🌱🌱🌱 Thank you grow diaries community for the 👇likes👇, follows, comments, and subscriptions on my YouTube channel👇. ❄️🌱🍻 Happy Growing 🌱🌱🌱 https://youtube.com/channel/UCAhN7yRzWLpcaRHhMIQ7X4g

😈 Only On It'z 3 Day Of It'z 12 Week Binge! I Can Alwayz See Her Name Disintegrating From Their Lipz! "3rd Day" 😈-[V][V]-😈 Day 4 And Already Show'n Root! Using Clonex Water Solution In RO Water Ph'd Down To 6.5 And 2 T8 6500k Fluorescent 2' Tubez! 🌱 Day 5! She'z Reach'n For The Sky With Her Root Get'n Longer! After Her 2nd Node And Fan Leaf Im'a Put Her On The Juice! (Emerald Harvest'z) Cali Pro Gro A-B, Emerald Goddess, Root Wizzard And Study Stalk Into RO Water Ph'd To 6.8! After Her 6th Node And Fan Leaf! Move'n Her Into Her Lucious Condo! To Start Her Low Strezz Workout'z, Manicure'n And Scrog'n! Im'a Start Add'n (Emerald Harvest'z) Honey Chome And King Kola To Her Mix! Until She Hit'z Puberty! Once She Get'z A Little Fuzz On Her Peach! I'll Switch Out The Cali Pro Gro A-B With Cali Pro Gro Bloom A-B And (Emerald Harvest'z) Cal-Mag Keep'n Her Drink At A Chilly 59° And Her Air At 68° All While Get'n Her Hook'd Like A Crackhead On Co2! After That, 1-2 Weekz B4 She'z Ready To Pop! Im'a Starve Her Little Azz Cauze It'z Flush Time! (Botanicare'z) Clearex And RO Water Only! Don't Want Terrible Tasting Headaches! 🌱 After The 1'st Week I'll Only Be Updating Once A Week Unless Something Spectacular Happenz With The PC Grow. I Got To Much To Do With The New Big Auto Grow! Man I Love Fastbudz! Thiz Run Will Be FB'z GG Auto Fem And FB'z Six Shooter Auto Fem Som It Shoulb Be Exiciting! But Back To The Micro PC Grow! I Just Posted This Morning Day 5 And Damn! Big Difference From Thiz Morning! It'z The End Of Day 5 And The Rootz Are Fill'n The Grodan Like It'z Last'z Year'z Shoe! It'z Get'n Straight Shwifty! 😈🌱Day 6! Hey! Your A Crazy Bitch! But You Fuck So Good I'm On Top Of It! When I Dream I'm Doing You All Night! Scratcez All Down My Back I Keep It Right On! Crazy Bitch, Crazy Bitch, Crazy Bitch! "Crazy Bitch" Buckcherry🌱😈

Oct.29 - We transplanted the girls into soil since they are moving into vegetation phase Nov.4 - Watered each plant 250mL, 0.25mL of each nutrient for each girl

Day 28- Both plants growing well and getting bigger everyday. This week both plants received small side steams trim and LST to spread the plant horizontal.

WILL UPDATE WITH ALOT MORE DETAILS ASAP!!!!!

Day 1 week 12. Has it been that long? Wow. Nothing dramatic yet. The twins seem to like the new feeding recipe. Drinking a bit more now that they are flowering and winter is here so the air is drier. Day 4 week 12. Starting to see frost. and even some amber on the top of the bud sites. hope it is natural and not premature aging.

Fastbuds Meme Video Contest

This week the Apricot continues to progress steadily, showing clear signs of genetic maturity rather than any developmental issues. Bud formation remains consistent across the canopy, with calyxes slowly swelling and stacking more tightly, especially on the main colas. Trichome production has increased noticeably, extending further onto the sugar leaves and giving the buds a visibly frosted appearance. The terpene profile remains the standout feature: the apricot jam aroma has intensified, becoming richer and more pronounced with each day, without any harsh or green notes. The plant shows excellent nutrient tolerance at the current feeding level and no signs of stress, so the conservative approach is maintained to preserve flavor and aromatic complexity. Overall development suggests a slightly longer flowering window, but the quality trajectory looks very promising.

Bonjour a toutes et à tous . Cette semaine j ai eu des soucis avec 3 plantes qui évolue plus lentement (chose qui fais qu elle ne supporte pas autant de ppm que les autres 😞) J ai donc hier commencer à arroser les 3 retardataires avec une solution moins forte (300ppm pour 2, 3 jours puis je passerai à 600ppm ) Normalement ça devrais le faire ,bon les photo sont prise avant la nuit donc les feuilles tombent encore plus ) je rajouterai des photo demain voir le changement , j ai également rajouter le co2 aujourd'hui (système airbombz) histoire de les aidé à reprendre un peut plus vite et au moment où toutes les plantes seront O.K je Les passerai en floraison . HORREUR DE VOIR MES PLANTES COMME CA !!!@! ON VA CHANGER CELA TRES VITE.. Voilà 24h après les plantes on déjà meilleurs mine ;) On se revoit très vite pour le taillage des branches avant la floraison. 20/04 bonjour. Comme toutes les plantes sont bien partie la j ai décider de faire la taille des branches inférieure un peut plus tôt histoire de passer en floraison lundi (à voir si les plantes auront récupéré d ici la ;) Autrement l arrosage se fait PH= 5.8 PPM= 800 (pour toutes les plantes ) Voilà voilà c est à peut près tous pour le moment . (D ici lundi je vais mettre quelque photo des racines qui sont juste immense et d une épaisseur jamais vue ça ;)

Otra semana y van muy bien estas